manifesting

• Balancing Standardization and Adaptation for Product Performance in International Markets: Testing the Influence of Headquarters-Subsidiary Contact and Cooperation1

This study examines how MNCs balance standardization and adaptation in their international product designs. Specifically, it investigates how inputs from both a firm's headquarters and its foreign subsidiaries, together, shape the standardization-adaptation balance for the product's superior market performance. The survey of 128 products in the foreign markets of 62 MNCs reveals that a standardization-adaptation balance, when shaped through face-to-face contact between headquarters-subsidiary managers, positively influences product performance. Additionally, headquarters-subsidiary cooperation enhances this influence on performance. This paper provides the evidence of how joint inputs of headquarters and subsidiaries make the standardization adaptation balance effective in international...

... in arriving at product features manifesting the balance. We focus on these two aspects as we b...

• Management International Review
• Band 44 Nr. 2, April 2004

• Reform of Higher Education and the Return of 'Heroic' Leadership: The Case of Denmark**

Denmark is experiencing a comprehensive package of educational reform aimed at enabling that country to recalibrate itself to the demands of the so-called 'global knowledge economy.' In relation to the higher education sector, a new system of university governance is being implemented where boards are appointed by the State and comprised of a majority of members external to the institution. To facilitate this process a new concept of leadership is invoiced. The paper explores different understandings of leadership, both in the literature and 'in action' via the perspectives of university leaders and decision-makers in the Danish case, before considering whether the current reforms make necessary such models of control and if the scope of action of such leaders is seriously curtailed by ...

... in universities where, rather than manifesting the essence of the university in terms of its staf...

• Management Revue
• Band 18 Nr. 2, April 2007