Problems of justice, such as high managerial salaries or the introduction of minimum wages, today arouse a lot of public attention and debate. This hints at the general fact that "justice" cannot be reduced to mere efficiency questions as economists very often tend to assume. Therefore, this paper deals with opportunities to include aspects of social justice in economic analyses. The authors describe the historical development from the Aristotelian concept of justice via the medieval idea of pretium iustum towards the classical liberal approach of Adam Smith. The limits of a pure liberal concept of justice even in modern market societies are revealed which in turn indicate the necessity of an integrated approach that applies the instruments of contemporary economics, but also allows for...
... he may claim the penalty as the minimum amount of damages (section 340f. BGB). 63844 ..., e.g., the claim for the payment of wages under the Enforcement in respect of Wages Ordinanc...
Over the past twenty years or so the German pension system has undergone an almost endless series of reforms. Both the time spans for the respective reform processes themselves and the time spans between the reforms have diminished progressively, and they seem to have been more easily carried out each time. While the 1992 reform, which introduced the net adjustment formula and some other changes, took about ten years of preparation, the most recent reforms have been much less problematic. These new politics of German pension reform have been marked by a change in policy style, creative opportunism on the part of the government, a deliberate strategy of experimental law-making and a striking strategy of blame avoidance. Eventually, the German pension reforms succeeded in transforming the...
... retirement at the age of 58 and set the minimum benefit at 65 percent of the last gross income. In... no longer have the function of substituting wages (Lohnersatzfunktion), but rather of compensating f...
... to a contract of employment, prescribing minimum social standards concerning certain stipulations a... being exported into countries where the wages are lower. On the other hand, many protection rule...
This paper provides an overview of the sequential shift towards activating labor market and social policy in Germany. It not only shows the changes in the instruments of active and passive labor market policies but also analyzes the implications of this change for the political economy and the legal structure of a "Bismarckian" welfare state. Our study points at the changes in Germany's status- and occupation-oriented unemployment benefit regime that has been relinquished for a larger share of benefit recipients. Unemployment insurance benefit duration is shorter now and newly created basic income support for needy persons is not earnings-related anymore. Pressure on unemployed to take up jobs has increased considerably while more persons than before have access to labor market programs...
... claims that did not match the guaranteed minimum income. Social assistance was funded by the munici... to be achieved that is related to prior wages and to the benefit levels. In earlier times, the p...
... claims that did not match the guaranteed minimum income. Social assistance was funded by the munici... to be achieved that is related to prior wages and to the benefit levels. In earlier times, the p...
... retirement at the age of 58 and set the minimum benefit at 65 percent of the last gross income. In... no longer have the function of substituting wages (Lohnersatzfunktion), but rather of compensating f...
The last two decades have witnessed an unprecedented transfer of Western management education theories and pedagogies into China and most Chinese MBA programs are now being modeled on their Western counterparts. To gauge the impact of this infusion of Western methods and theories on China's management educational system, this paper has conducted a narrative analysis of Chinese MBA teaching cases published before and after this transfer. The holistic approach to management, prevalent in early Chinese MBA cases and typical of traditional Chinese culture, has largely disappeared and Chinese cases now exhibit many of the same weaknesses and deficiencies that have been documented in Harvard Business School cases.
... government has even specified that a minimum of 30 percent of Executive MBA courses must be tau...In the case, workers demanded higher wages and bonuses because of the JV's recent financial s...
This article deals with a model of worker participation which was introduced in a German car dealership and repair shop in the 1960s and which goes far beyond the legal framework of German codetermination ("Mitbestimmung"). The model comprises full codetermination in economic affairs, substantial gain-sharing, participation through work teams on the shop floor, and the "neutralization of capital" (i.e., transfer of owner's property rights to a foundation). The significance of these four elements is described in theoretical terms. The development was evaluated by interviewing a representative sample of the company's employees. The economic and social success of the company leads to the question of how industrial democracy can be further advanced in the future.
...In this respect, wages and interests are considered instalment payments o...Market share and a minimum size of the company are essential for survival and...
This study compared women's roles, expectations and experiences in two comparable, male dominated industrial manufacturing companies in Australia. Both organisations are subject to legislated equal opportunity program and reporting requirements. The research was conducted to examinee the differences between what is submitted in their EEO reports and the experience of women workers in the organisations. Good jobs and poor jobs existed in the same legislative and industrial framework and in the same local labour market. The differences are located in a combination of organisational and cultural conditions.
... and mandatory reports require that, at a minimum, employees suffer no discrimination on the grounds...Wages and conditions set out in Enterprise Agreements an...
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