The main objective of the article is to analyse the current state of the innovation activity among the Russian enterprises. The empirical evidence shows only 13% of the sample indicated that innovation is the first priority for the firm. We propose that the Russian Government designs innovation policies which takes into account the differences between the industries. Secondly, the Russian Government should promote international innovation cooperation by setting up technology trade agents in the most active countries in terms of innovation cooperation, such as Germany, the USA, and Finland. Thirdly, the CEOs of the Russian enterprises consider R&D funding as well as policy steps to increase R&D effectiveness, as those measures of innovation policy which should be of the highest p...
..., this minor sample bias is not an obstacle to conclude that the employed sample is rather rep...This is of course not surprising if we take into account that these ...
... of competitive advantage but also as an obstacle to transfer. Building on this, we proceed to speci...Of course, this does not negate the problem completely, but ...
... transaction structure itself that sets the course. In case of a share deal, the acquirer assumes the...However, an obstacle has been laid in the path of the clear, fixed ten-...
The previous articles described police systems and reforms implemented in three countries. In this final article, the authors explore the similarities and differences in the police systems of these three countries, focusing specifically on the organization of the police forces and their governance systems. Section 2 examines what the starting point for police reforms is and how the shifts brought about by successive police reforms can be assessed. In Section 3, they ask if there is a common pattern in the way these four police systems have evolved, or whether it is more appropriate to talk of a hodgepodge of developments. We end their paper in Section 6 by discussing their expectations of the future of police systems in the three countries and by raising the question of whether there is...
...History, traditions, and, of course, the political system play an important role in de...This presents a serious obstacle to the success of the reforms (Lange and Schenck 2...
...The main obstacle to overcome within the permissive AC was a questio... control by state authorities which in its course potentially threatened traditional values and inst...
... cannot be assigned to the buyer in the course of an asset deal. The buyer will need to apply for... as such is not by any means an obstacle to such an appointment. What is disputed is whethe...
Fuzzy transform is a new type of function transforms that has been successfully used in different applications. In this paper, we provide a broad prospective on fuzzy transform. Specifically, we show that fuzzy transform naturally appears when, in addition to measurement uncertainty, we also encounter another type of localization uncertainty: that the measured value may come not only from the desired location x, but also from the nearby locations.
... away from the target, but close to the obstacle". Fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory (see, e.g., [4,...Of course, the space of functions is infinite-dimensional, w...
The paper analyses the change of job stability and its determinants in the course of time by presenting some empirical evidence from Germany. Drawing upon event history data from the German Federal Labour Office insurance accounts and employing Cox Proportional Hazard Rate Models, we test six core hypotheses on labour market restructuring and its impacts on job stability. Our analysis suggests that during the transition to service society between the 1980s and the 1990s some kind of 'restructuring' of the German labour market has taken place that has simultaneously led to an increasing polarisation and to an increasing levelling out of individual employment chances and risks.
... increased job stability will be no obstacle to but a guarantee for the flexibility of labour m...
Positive effects of employee participation on organizational performance are closely linked to the implementation of a specific corporate culture always referred to as "ownership culture". This issue can be stimulated through employee share purchase plans (ESPP). This article will investigate how to implement a successful ESPP. In order to do so, we review the literature on employees' investment decisions about their employer's shares. We present in another section the data and methodology of the empirical study. We have conducted semi-structured interviews with French experts specialising in ESPP's implementation. We use the content analysis technique to analyse these interviews. Another section is dedicated to presenting the results of the qualitative research. We find that - offering...
...Of course leveraged funds are a good way to stimulate partic... funds work, which often presents an obstacle. For instance, an interviewee addressed the issue ...
Germany's health insurance system represents the archetype of the healthcare arrangement generally known as the "Bismarck model". Core elements of this model are the management of healthcare by self-governing corporatist bodies and the funding primarily by income-related contributions, not by taxes. The German health care system has been in a dynamic transformation process since the early 1990s. We currently have a situation where elements of different systems exist side by side. In this contribution we argue that this transformation has already robbed the core elements of the Bismarck system of a great deal of their importance, and that it must be expected that their significance will continue to decline as the reform process progresses.
...Of course even under these conditions sickness funds strove ... since then the state has overcome these obstacles to act as the "architect of political order" in th...
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