... orchestrators or co-ordinators across the system of globally inter-connected firms. Managerial styl... sense to talk about the strategy of a unitary firm even though different managers, affiliates, d...
.... * The research draws on systematic comparative case studies of two large MNEs in the ...Overall, firms are seen largely as unitary, rational, and self-interested actors with stable ...
The Dutch police system has been under pressure during the last decades. Critical debates focused on police' dealing with the growing (perceived) insecurity, the administrative problems of size and efficiency, the core tasks of the police, the distribution of power over the police and it's accountability. These issues have become even more relevant since integrated local safety policies have been developed to tackle public safety problems by the police together with more and different partners, within government or even outside of it. At the same time the national government wants to direct its local and regional partners more, while holding on to local performance. The aim of this article is to show the developments of the last decades that have influenced the (re)organization of the p...
...The Netherlands are a decentralized unitary state, which means that actions are organized base...
... that resembled federative rather than unitary organizations (Yamin and Forsgren 2006), implying ... orchestrators or coordinators across the system of globally inter-connected firms. Managerial styl...
The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) is a popular unsupervised neural network able to provide effective clustering and data visualization for data represented in multidimensional input spaces. In this paper, we describe Fast Learning SOM (FLSOM) which adopts a learning algorithm that improves the performance of the standard SOM with respect to the convergence time in the training phase. We show that FLSOM also improves the quality of the map by providing better clustering quality and topology preservation of multidimensional input data. Several tests have been carried out on different multidimensional datasets, which demonstrate better performances of the algorithm in comparison with the original SOM.
... 80 blobs of points on the vertices of the unitary hypercube. They provide one hundred input signals ...
This contribution is an attempt to demonstrate that the concept of "value generalization" is of considerable importance for moral philosophy and therefore hopefully also for those interested in business and economic ethics. The importance of this concept lies in its relevance for what one could call "the logic of a communication about values." This logic is different from the structure of rational-argumentative discourse in a strict sense, but also far from a mere clash of values or identities or civilizations or any form of irrationalist decisionism as if ultimate values could only be chosen in an existential way without any reasoning and intersubjective plausibility.
... the conflict of competing values or value systems; just think of interreligious dialogues, for examp... so that it looks as if states have one unitary and homogeneous culture. And in addition to the 'b...
On the basis of analyzing the principles of the quantum, rotation gates and quantum controlled-NOT gates, an improved design for CNOT gated quantum neural networks model is proposed and a smart algorithm for it is derived in our paper, based on the gradient descent algorithm. In the improved model, the input information is expressed by the qubits, which, as the control qubits after being rotated by the rotation gate, control the qubits in the hidden layer to reverse. The qubits in the hidden layer, as the control qubits after being rotated by the rotation gate, control the qubits in the output layer to reverse. The networks output is described by the probability amplitude of state |1[right angle bracket] in the output layer. It has been shown in two application examples of pattern recog...
... can be realized by applying a series of unitary transform to the qubit states, which the effect of...
... code was far greater before 1900, when a unitary civil code was established, than it is now. Before... code of 1861 accepted this French system. The code of 1897 abandoned it. Commercial law is ...
The status of the Personnel function is subject to an ongoing debate in which attention has largely shifted from department to individual practitioner level. There remains, however, significant functional power in organisational structures, particularly in more institutionalised contexts. Aimed at the departmental level, the higher education state funding council for England (HEFCE) introduced an initiative to improve Personnel departments in Higher Education. However, survey evidence confirms the continuation of the low power position of the department. An exploration of the empirical data highlights why: the routine rigidity of power in organisational structures, the fragmentation of departmental power, and Personnel role ambiguity.
... on the impact of organisational level systems and structures (Fincham 1992). Strategic contingen... of power and assumes that subunits are unitary and cohesive (Clegg et al. 2006: 125). In reality,...
During recent years, German Health Policy has been subject to extensive reform activity. Since the early 1990s, there have been at least seven substantial healthcare reforms and many smaller ones. Against this background, the paper argues that it is more apposite to speak of one "institutionalized reform", instead of separate reforms. Every single reform seems to be only one step, which in itself does not end the reform process, but which is another step in the direction of the next reform. On the basis of three case studies, the paper argues that there is a basis of one "institutionalized reform" (but to be implemented in small steps) in the reform process for two main reasons: either the reform has been planned badly or planned as a learning system and has to be adjusted to correct de...
...From 1st January 2009, a unitary contribution rate of 15.5 percent51 would be paid ...
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